来源与参考文献

本网站所有内容均基于已发表的医学研究、临床指南和官方卫生机构的建议。以下是所有文章引用的完整来源列表，按类型分类。

我们尽可能提供免费可访问资源的链接，方便你自行阅读原始材料。

临床指南与官方建议

美国眼科学会 (AAO / American Academy of Ophthalmology)

“Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern.” Ophthalmology, 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10680450/
“Esotropia and Exotropia Preferred Practice Pattern.” 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10655158/
“Strabismus in Children.” 2025. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/strabismus-in-children
“Vision Development: Newborn to 12 Months.” 2025. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/baby-vision-development-first-year
“Eye Screening for Children.” 2025. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/children-eye-screening
“10 Child Eye Problems Parents Should Never Ignore.” 2025.
“Four Hidden Signs of Vision Problems in Kids.” 2025.
“A Stepwise Approach to Leukocoria.” EyeNet Magazine, 2017.

美国验光学会 (AOA / American Optometric Association)

美国儿科学会 (AAP) / HealthyChildren.org

英国国家医疗服务体系 (NHS)

“Eye tests for children.” 2024. https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/eye-tests-in-children/
NHS Scotland. “Pre-school vision screening.” 2025.

世界卫生组织 (WHO)

日本

日本弱視斜視学会. “3歳児健康診査における視覚検査について.” 2023. https://www.jasa-web.jp/general/about-3sai
日本眼科医会. “乳幼児・学校保健関連情報.” 2023. https://www.gankaikai.or.jp/school-health/
群馬県教育委員会 / 群馬県医師会. “幼児・児童生徒の眼科健康診断の手引き.” 2021.

新加坡

新加坡卫生部. “Effectiveness of National Myopia Prevention Programme’s Strategies for Primary School Students.” 2024. https://www.moh.gov.sg/newsroom/effectiveness-of-national-myopia-prevention-programme-s-strategies-for-primary-school-students
新加坡卫生促进局 (HPB). “Singapore achieves Breakthrough in Reducing prevalence of Myopia.”

中国大陆

国家卫生健康委. “0～6岁儿童眼保健及视力检查服务规范（试行）.” 2021. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-06/24/content_5620637.htm
国家卫生健康委. “0～6岁儿童眼保健核心知识问答.” 2021.
国家卫生健康委. “儿童青少年近视防控适宜技术指南.” 2019.

台湾

衛生福利部國民健康署. “兒童視力篩檢及矯治指引.” 2020. https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=609&pid=1077
衛生福利部. “護眼123.” 2019. https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-3794-41061-1.html

加拿大

Prevent Blindness（美国防盲协会）

白瞳与视网膜母细胞瘤

Kanukollu VM, Tripathy K. “Leukocoria.” StatPearls, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560794/
Fabian ID, et al. “Retinoblastoma.” StatPearls, 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545276/
Haider S, Qureshi W, Ali A. “Leukocoria in Children.” JPOS, 2008.

儿童白内障

Khokhar SK, et al. “Pediatric Cataract.” StatPearls, 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572080/

斜视

“Common types of strabismus.” Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology / PMC, 2010. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2830773/

弱视

“Amblyopia: Detection and Treatment.” American Family Physician, 2019.
“Amblyopia in children (aged 7 years or less).” BMJ Clinical Evidence / PMC, 2016.
“Current Management of Childhood Amblyopia.” Korean Journal of Ophthalmology / PMC, 2019.

视力筛查

“Pediatric Vision Screening.” Pediatrics in Review / PMC, 2018. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6317790/

近视与户外活动

“Advances in myopia prevention strategies for school-aged children.” Frontiers in Public Health / PMC, 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10466414/
“Is Spending More Time Outdoors Able to Prevent and Control Myopia?” Ophthalmic Research, 2024.
Chua SY, et al. “School-based programme to address childhood myopia in Singapore.” SMJ / PMC, 2019. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8027142/
“The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents.” BMC Public Health / PMC, 2024.

Youngstein K. 《眼睛之书：患者图解指南》 The Eye Book. Cybersight / Orbis International, 2017. https://cybersight.org/library/the-eye-book-an-illustrated-guide-for-patients/
Root T. OphthoBook. TimRoot.com, 2009. https://timroot.com/ophthobook/
Merck & Co. “Retinoblastoma.” Merck Manual Professional Edition, 2024.

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我们鼓励你尽可能阅读原始来源。上面提供的链接中，很多都可以免费在线访问。

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最后更新：2026年2月